What Is Mutation What Is a Gene Mutation Discuss Sickle...

A mutation can simply be put as abrupt change in the genotype of an organism that is not the result of recombination. A gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. Mutations range in size from a single DNA building block (DNA base) to a large segment of a chromosome. Gene mutations occur in two ways: they can be inherited from a parent or acquired during a persons lifetime. Mutations that are passed from parent to child are called hereditary mutations or germ line mutations (because they are present in the egg and sperm cells, which are also called germ cells). This type of mutation is present throughout a persons life in virtually every cell in the body. Mutations that occur only in an egg or sperm†¦show more content†¦Chemical Mutagens fall into several categories, including base analogues, chemicals that are similar to normal DNA bases. Researchers have developed various methods to test the mutagenic activity of different chemicals, w ith one such example being the Ames Test. In the test, several strains of Salmonella Typhimurium which have been selected are employed, based on their sensitivity to mutation. The test substance (liquid) or an extract of the test substance and the test organism are mixed together in a soft agar solution. Reverse mutation can then be observed. Genetic counselors are health professionals with specialized graduate degrees and experience in the areas of medical genetics and counseling. Most enter the field from a variety of disciplines, including biology, genetics, nursing, psychology, public health and social work. Genetic counselors work as members of a healthcare team, providing information and support to families who have members with birth defects or genetic disorders and to families who may be at risk for a variety of inherited conditions. Genetic counselors also provide supportive counseling to families, serve as patient advocates, and refer individuals and families to community or state support services. They identify families at risk, investigate the problem present in the family, interpret information about the disorder, analyze inheritance patterns and risks of recurrence, and review available options with the family.

King The Struggle Against Social Injustices On A...

Throughout many essays King explores the conditions of peace and the meanings of those conditions in the midst of the struggle for racial justice in the United States. King was also deeply influenced by the conviction that there are objective moral laws and moral absolutes. Moreover, through the implementation of nonviolence within the civil rights movement and his exploration of its philosophy and strategy, King was prepared to engage in moral struggle against social injustices on a international scale. In this essay I will look specifically at some of King’s writings in order to establish a sense of how his theological and ethical convictions influenced his moral struggles and the implications this has for an international struggle against such injustices. King held the fundamental conviction that the â€Å"universe is under the control of a loving purpose and that in the struggle for righteousness man has cosmic companionship.† For King, the world is guided by a God whose moral nature is love, and therefore all of humanity’s existence must be permeated with such values. These understandings can be seen within King’s assessments of personalism, a significant philosophical notion that stresses God as personal, loving and just. One can see personalistic ideals throughout king’s essays and speeches for it is a core-motivating factor in his stance against injustice. Rufus Borrow speaks to these influences and includes a summary of which specific elements of personalism influencedShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Impact1553 Words   |  7 Pagespoor. There were several attempts by many people and groups to help bring amalgamation and equality for everyone. 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Not long after Gandhi’s death, Martin Luther King Jr. foundRead MoreSalt Satyagraha1584 Words   |  7 PagesThe Satyagraha March, which triggered the wider Civil Disobedience Movement, was an important part of the Indian independence movement. It was a campaign of nonviolent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India which began with the Salt March to Dandi on March 12, 1930. It was the most significant organized challenge to British authority since the Non-cooperation movement of 1920-22, and the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence by the Indian National Congress on December 31, 1929Read MoreThe Main Challenges Of Creating More Socially Equitable Cities Of The 21st Century?3149 Words   |  13 Pageslocal-global scales (200 2, p.23). It is argued that through neoliberalism, the ‘social’ is given no consideration and is considered to be a contextual factor shaping the geographically variable manifestations of neoliberal tendencies (Barnett, 2005). 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Its origins dig deep into the struggles represented by the African American population in the United States has always been social injustice and discrimination. It took the nation almost two centuries of its establishment before the fight for civil rights took place. From the 1950s through the 1970s, movements for civil and social rights, justice, and equality swept the nation demanding an end to segregationRead MoreDid the Treaty of Versailles Make World War Ii Inevitable?2239 Words   |  9 Pagesdevastation in Europe. Germany owed the Allies an incredible sum of 6,500 million pounds. In addition, â€Å"the massive currency devaluation which hit Germany in 1923 undermined social stability and caused widespread social and economic resentment. (Henig, 1985, pg. 9)† In ord er to pay the reparations without suffering further social or economic devastation, the USA and Britain came up with a few money lending schemes. 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Terrorism is also viewed as a political act against a government and it’s citizenry, secondly, it is viewed as a coercive means to change some policy through the application of violence upon society . Finally terrorism adheres to the unlawfullness of actsRead MoreStatus of Women in Contemporary Indian Society3990 Words   |  16 Pages - KRITIKA RASTOGI STATEMENT OF PURPOSE To critically analyse the role and status of women in the contemporary Indian society and the crimes committed against them. INTRODUCTION Within the Indian subcontinent, there have been infinite variations of the status of women, differing according to the cultural milieu, family structures, caste, class, property right etc. we have to specify as to whether

Recruitment and Diversity Enhances Customer Free Essays

(Point 2) Organisation Benefits of attracting and retaining a diverse workforce: An increasing number of companies are realising the benefits of having a diverse workforce and as a result are incorporating equality and diversity objectives in their business strategies. Diversity is a widely-used concept which refers to visible and non–visible differences between individuals. There are six main strands of diversity: race, gender, disability, sexual orientation, age, and religion which are covered by UK legislation. We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment and Diversity Enhances Customer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Diversity also incorporates differences such as class, personality and working patterns What is meant by a diverse workforce? Social diversity: Demographic diversity such as age, race ethics and gender Value Diversity: Psychological difference in personality and attitudes Information Diversity: Benefits are: * Diversity in employment promotes cost-effective employment relations: Employers have more choice from a greater skills base, improved employee satisfaction, reduced internal disputes, greater workplace harmony, improved retention and more effective and fairer promotion of talent * Diversity enhances customer relations: matching internal employee diversity to population diversity can provide performance benefits, which enhance awareness of consumer needs Diversity enhances creativity, flexibility and innovation in organisations: the flexibility, creativity and ability to innovate are enhanced by the existence of dissimilar mind sets * Diversity promotes sustainable development and business advantage: e. g. external recruitment of diverse top-team talent to inject new ideas and challenge the organisatio nal mind sets and ways of doing things that can hinder change and organisational progress. (point 3) Factors that affect an organisation approach to Recruitment and Selection FACTORS AFFECTING RECRUITMENT (point 4) Different recruitment and selection methods Recruitment and selection are usually considered as one process. However, I will make the distinction here between the initial actions and considerations when planning staff recruitment and the process of selecting an individual from a pool of applicants. Recruitment needs to be carefully planned in order to attract the right type of applicant. Recruitment The key to effective recruitment is preparation: knowing the job and what is required of someone to perform it well. The costs of recruiting the wrong person can be significant. The cost of employing someone may be at least twice their salary when factors such as training, expenses and employer’s contributions to their pension are added. INTERNAL| AGENCY| EXTERNAL| Cheaper and quicker to recruitFamiliarity with the business and operationsBusiness already aware of strengths and weaknesses of candidatesProvides opportunity for promotion – motivational| Wider nets of targeted candidate attractionSaving management time interviewing only a top candidateProcess streamlining| Outside people bring in new ideasLarger pool of workers of which to find candidatesWider range of experience| Selection Psychometric tests These are particularly useful if you want to assess candidates for Managerial or Senior appointments or candidates for appointments where there is a special need for the post – such as strong relationship building skills. These types of test are especially good at assisting with assessing how candidates are likely to behave, for example, towards a manager, towards their peers, and towards their subordinates. They will often provide a profile which should be discussed with the candidate to check validity, as they are self-perception questionnaires. Candidates should also be given feedback on the profile. The profile should be a part of the assessment, contributing perhaps up to 10% towards the final decision. They should be used carefully as they need to be used in the right way by properly trained assessors. Interviews Interviews can take many forms and styles. A type of interviewing recommended is Criteria-Based Behavioural Interviewing. This type of interviewing is based around the criteria identified in the person specification – the essential and desirable criteria. It is therefore really important to prepare a good person specification right at the start of the recruitment process. It is also important to identify how each of the criteria will be assessed. Some items in the criteria e. g. a qualification, can be assessed by reference to the application form, these can be called the â€Å"hard or factual criteria† and can usually be assessed on the application form or c. v. Presentations Presentations can be used in a variety of ways depending on how they relate to the job description and the normal working practices expected of the post. In assessing presentations, it is important to have decided on the criteria against which each candidate will be marked. These could include criteria which will also be assessed at interview, but may take on a particular aspect – e. g. communications skills could be assessed in the interview but will be mainly looking at how the person communicates with the panel and gets their points across, as well as how they interact with the members of the panel. In a lecture style presentation, the candidates’ communications skills to a large group will be assessed, which is much more formal delivery. 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Air Transport Management European Airports and Airlines

Question: Discuss how airports are developing services and working with airlines to create new air routes Identify the different types of airports Identify different types of airline partner Discuss a range of airport services and how airports communicate and distribute those services to customers Provide supporting examples of how airports are working with airlines to create services that help to generate new routes Answer: Identifying different types of airports Abeyratne (2012) has identified that there are two types of airports such as towered and non-towered. These two are further divided into Civil airports, Military Airports, and Private airports. The below-mentioned table will help to understand the details of the classification. Classification of the airports Hub Type The Common Name Commercial Service: Publicly-owned airports that have near about 2500 passengers boarding in each calendar year as well as receive scheduled passenger services (Barros Couto, 2013) Primary Service: This type has more than 10000 passengers boarding every year (Abeyratne 2012) Large (1% and more) (Barros Couto, 2013) Large Hub Medium (Minimum 0.25%, but not more than 1%) (Barros Couto, 2013) Medium Hub Small (Minimum 0.05% but less than 0.25%) (Barros Couto, 2013) Small Hub Non-hub (More than 10000 but less than 0.05%) (Barros Couto, 2013) Non-hub Primary Non-Primary Non-hub (Minimum 2500 and not more than 10000) (Barros Couto, 2013) Non-primary Commercial services Non-Primary (Except the commercial service) Not really applicable Reliever General Aviation Therefore, from the above table, different types of airports have been explained here, and it has been found that the civil airports are open to the public use and on the other hand, the army as well as some other agencies of the Federal Government (Barros Couto, 2013) operate military airports. Identifying different types airline partners It has been found that JetBlue has been on a partnering roll lately. It has kept announcing the new partnerships and codeshares, and in this case, the latest is Japan Airlines and Emirates. However, it can be said that not all the partnerships are the same, there are three highly distinct types of partnership, and these have been discussed here. Interline is one of the oldest partnerships, and this is never considered as one of the big deals (Curran, 2012). However, it has been found that most of the airlines have agreements with them to work together in the field of ticketing and baggage. Most of the people cannot think that America and United States to be partners, but in reality, they are partners at the basic level. Apart from Interline, Codeshares agreement includes several benefits of the interline agreements and JetBlue is one of the recent examples in this regards. Curran Fischer (2012) has said that while interline and codeshares are interrelated; another frequent flier partnership is not required. However, it can be said that sometimes, these types of flier partnership can become highly confusing, as they are not always all surrounding (Halpern Graham, 2015). Discussing a range of the airport services All the airports companies are committed to providing best services to their customers. Therefore, it can be said that most of the airport companies are dedicated to providing best possible services for the visitors at the airport, including both the passengers as well as people who are accompanying them to the airport. It has been found that this commitment is offered in partnership with some other service providers like airlines handling agents, some government agencies, and concessionaries. Most of the airline companies put their best efforts to deliver a clean as well as a welcoming environment with the help of the customer feedback analysis and extensive market research (Guo, Cheng Jiang, 2014). Therefore, the airline companies make sure of the fact that customer care staffs are available throughout the airport concourse to assist the visitors as well as the passengers. To do this, the airline companies locate their customer information desk at the arrival points, where the official staffs of the company are present to assist them with any queries (Jorge-Caldero, 2012). In this part, some of the roles and the responsibilities of the customer service have been mentioned, and they are as follows. Checking of the passengers Ticketing of the passengers Lost and found cases () Some indiscretion handling like hotel accommodation and meal vouchers. Security screening for the passengers Some special services In general, the passengers check into the airport along with their baggage, so that they can travel. . Most importantly, the passengers collect their boarding passes. In this case, the customer service providers assist in the check in of the passengers and help them with the help service check-in services. In this case, the service providers are responsible for looking after the fact that all the passengers have the correct document for their flight and the entire luggage is weighted and checked in. The customer service agents communicate with the aircraft dispatchers to ensure that the boarding starts at the correct time and communicate any problem that they might have during traveling. These service providers help the passengers to check the boarding cards and the photographic identification before the passengers are step aboard the aircraft (Jorge-Caldero, 2012). Schramm (2012) has said that once all the passengers have safely boarded the plane, the service providers inform the aircraft dispatchers and the passenger service is then passed over to the Flight Cabin Crew. Taylor McMillan (2012) have shown that the customer service agents are responsible to assist the passengers in the aircraft as well as guide them towards immigration. Another major service provided by the customer service agents are that they must be present at the baggage reclaim area till all the luggage is collected from the passengers. If in between the time , any problem arises, they are required to fill a Property Irregularity Form with the passenger before passing it on to a superior member or staff of the concerned company (Abeyratne, 2012). Figure 1: Stages of Customer Service Providers (Source: Abeyratne, 2012) The entire process of the customer services can be understood with the help of the above-shown diagram. . The airport companies try to operate 24 hours a day and provide the services to the customers. The service providers try to increase the airline punctuality indexes with the help of reduction in the lay over delays. Apart from that, it can be said that the airways are required to provide emergency services to the customers anytime. If any passenger falls sick, the service providers are required to take care of the passenger and arrange proper medication facilities for the passenger. In this regard, the cabin crew is responsible for providing proper services to the passengers. Before the passengers enter the aircraft, they start their duties before 1 hour and 30 minutes (Abeyratne, 2012). They are required to communicate with the passengers regarding the pre-flight briefing. Once the passengers embark the aircraft, they are responsible for carrying out the security check of the cabin. They are supposed to report any severe cabin issues to the senior levels and help them to find out some best-fitted results. Apart from that, they are responsible to prepare the cabin for the passengers as well as liaise with the grounds staff, so that the boarding can commence (Schramm, 2012). The cabin crew of reputed airline companies is responsible to direct the passengers to their seats as well as to assist the passengers to stow their bags. The safety announcement and proper presentation, sometimes video demonstration is given by the cabin crew to the passengers in the aircraft. During the flight, the cabin crew is required to ensure that all the requirements of the passengers are properly taken care and food and drinks are well served.. They are required to communicate with the pa ssengers accordingly so that there is no chance of miscommunication (Abeyratne, 2012). Providing examples of how the airports are working with the airlines to create services that help to generate new routes To find out new air routes, airports and communities must focus on route economics. There are some other factors, which can help an airline service to find out new routes like, precise and effective route forecast and establishing appropriate financial incentives (Starkie, 2012). Inter Vistas is a company that helps airlines to figure out the new route and jump into a new market. Having an excellent experience in network planning and sales marketing in competitive airline industry, Inter Vistas is capable of combining sophisticated network planning tools with their experience to establish an effective airline relationship which will provide detailed route forecasts, positive business case proposals and effective financial guidance, important to secure new air services (Halpern and Graham, 2015). Inter Vista mainly provides Air Service Development (ASD) to several airports to figure out new routes where the airline company can increase their profitability. Inter Vista follows some core components with the airports and airlines to help them figuring out new air routes. They are, Air Service Strategy (ASD) Air Service Strategy can help airports to realize significant growth in traffic and revenue by evaluating organized strategic air service enhancement plans. Some air service strategies, that airports are using with the help of Inter Vista to support the airlines, are, ASD Strategies Goals/objectives Service development strategies Air service diagnostics Identify new routes and target airlines Implement new plans strategically Hub improvement strategies Connect time reduction assessments Reorganizing flight bank Alliance analysis Traffic flow forecast Giving more time to Code share functions Alliance consolidation analysis Impacts of merging Bankruptcies and liquidation Contingency plans for air services New entrant assessment Effect on incumbents Stimulation and cannibalization Airport rivalry assessment Catchment area expansion or retention Bridging gateway competition Table 1: Air service strategies (Source: Starkie, 2012) For example, in December 2015, Lufthansa opened a new route to Finland with one weekly Munich-Kittila flight. An Airbus A320 with 168 seats will operate on this route (Alliance, 2013). Before opening this new route, the airlines company took some strategies to find out whether this is a good idea or not. The strategies are, Lufthansa has a special department to analyze passenger flow and anticipate future demand. They figured out that many people were traveling to Kittila, but there was no scheduled flight for that. Sp Lufthansa planned to provide schedules flight (). They found that for some reasons, a flight between Munich and Kittila was not chosen but Kittila could open doors to destinations like Lapland. Besides, Levi, a very well known ski-resort is just 1- kilometers away from the airport. Munich is connected with almost anywhere in the world. So connecting Munich- and Kittila gave the customers an advantage to riding any flight when returning from Kittila to fly back to their respective homes (). Lufthansa figured out that opening this route could help them to increase their profitability as Kittila is a unique destination above the polar circle, which is practically an exotic destination. They understood that Kittila will attract plenty of leisure travelers who want to see the Northern Lights and enjoy the winter activities Lapland can offer. Air India is planning to make new routes to San Francisco and Toronto. From their evaluations, Air India found out that presently there is no flight flying non-stop to San Francisco and Toronto (Ali, 2015). Air India understood that it could open a new market for their organization, which means more profitability. There are some other strategies where airports are working on with airlines to figure out new routes. It is the job of airports to develop conservative, moderate, and aggressive route allocation strategies for the airlines (Ali, 2015).Based on the data, the airline can choose the best route for every flight. They might only differ in how they will react to an oversubscribed crowd. The aggressive strategy is one of the simplest strategies that an airport can suggest to the airlines. In this strategy, the airports always request the airlines to choose the best route in spite of being oversubscribed (Sriram and Shapiro, 2015). This strategy works in a hope that maybe other airlines will choose alternative routes and solve the problem. However, there is a risk in this strategy that the route will remain oversubscribed the amount of profitability will be comparatively low. References Abeyratne, R. (2012). Air navigation law. Berlin: Springer. Abeyratne, R. (2012). Strategic issues in air transport. Berlin: Springer. Ali, S. (2015). A comparative study of the financial performance of Air India Corporation and Indian Airlines Corporation. Alliance, S. (2013). Lufthansa Airlines. Amsterdam: Ios Press. Barros, C., Couto, E. (2013). Corrigendum to Productivity analysis of European airlines, 20002011  [J. Air Transp. Manage. 31 (2013) 1113]. Journal Of Air Transport Management, 32, 95. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2013.06.017 Curran, R. (2012). Air transport and operations. Amsterdam: Ios Press. Curran, R., Fischer, L. (2012). Air transport and operations. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Guo, Z., Chen, Y., Cheng, M., Jiang, H. (2014). Near-surface air temperature retrieval from Chinese Geostationary FengYun Meteorological Satellite (FY-2C) data. International Journal Of Remote Sensing, 35(10), 3892-3914. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2014.919674 Halpern, N., Graham, A. (2015). Airport route development: A survey of current practice.Tourism Management,46, 213-221. Jorge-Caldero 2012. Aviation Investment. London:SAGE Malina, R., Albers, S. and Kroll, N., 2012. Airport incentive programmes: a European perspective.Transport Reviews,32(4), pp.435-453. Meyer, D., Saighi, B., Tarnai, G. (2008). Safety management of traffic growth in air transportation. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering, 36(1-2), 69. https://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pp.tr.2008-1-2.13 Schramm, H. (2012). Freight forwarder's intermediary role in multimodal transport chains. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag. Sriram, V., Shapiro, H. (2015). The Effects of Size and Strategy on Performance in the Air Express Service Industry. InProceedings of the 1988 International Conference of Services Marketing(pp. 356-364). Springer International Publishing. Starkie, D. (2012). European airports and airlines: Evolving relationships and the regulatory implications.Journal of Air Transport Management,21, 40-49. Taylor, E., McMillan, 2012. A. Air quality management. Amsterdam: Ios Press. Yang, C. W., Lu, J. L., Hsu, C. Y. (2014). Modeling joint airport and route choice behavior for international and metropolitan airports.Journal of Air Transport Management,39, 89-95.