How Chinas political, religious and ideological systems allowed for both continuity and change

How Chinas political, religious and ideological systems allowed for both continuity and change Introduction China is known for its historically authoritarian political system. Nonetheless, this has not stopped them from emerging as one of the greatest national economic powers. The twentieth century was dominated by United States as the best economy but this has changed in 21st century where China is set to lead the pack of emerging economies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How Chinas political, religious and ideological systems allowed for both continuity and change? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More China’s situation is unique given that most powerful states draw such powers from wealth. The recent protest that was observed in Tiananmen Square conveys political repression in china as youths seek change but the government is unlikely to grant this that easily. China’s political system, which has been largely regarded as communist and undemocratic, has allowed continuity as well as change. In addi tion, its religious system has been quite instrumental in its continuity. The balance of dynamism and conservatism has ensured continuity in China. Its founder Qin Shi Huangdi who failed to establish immortality is regarded as the founding father of China’s political system as well as the world’s oldest civilization. The country is currently facing globalization and change is eminent although it is hard to come by, considering the government’s effort to ensure continuity of their ideological systems. This paper will endeavor to explore the manner in which political, religious and ideological systems of China have enabled continuity and change (Sirgo, Gleason, and Tarver 1) History of China China is regarded as one of the oldest of Civilizations in the world. Its ancient civilization extends throughout East Asia. Its civilization is estimated to have started over 4000 years ago. Its societies and economies were the best in the world before 19th century. However, they missed industrialization that took shape in 19th century leading to their decline. This was mainly because of the dynasties that ruled China, imperialism, civil wars as well as internal weakness. The country’s turmoil resulted into two states that still called themselves China. These were, Republic of China (ROC) and People’s Republic of China (PRC). The former was established in 1912 in the mainland and is currently known as Taiwan while the latter was established in 1949 and takes control of the mainland from Taiwan. Taiwan now controls the islands such as Taiwan, Matsu, Pratas, Kinmen, among other outlying islands.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People’s Republic of China (PRC) remains the largest and controls the self-governing states of Macau and Hong Kong. Hong Kong was liberated to govern itself in 1997 while Macau in 1999 (U.S. Department of St ate 1). Taiwan changed its economic policies in 1950s that enabled it to be industrialized. This transformed its economy resulting in high growth and development. These changes were embraced later by the PRC, in the 70s, in which they made the famous Four Modernizations that aimed to improve agriculture, defense, technology as well as its industries. These changes led to modernization in China as it transformed into an economic giant, in the process raising their living standards. PRC has since become a powerful economic power in the world, challenging the likes of United States and traditionally known economic powers like European Union in the 21st century. The country’s culture has spread throughout the region and acquired by its neighboring countries like Japan. China is also regarded as a source of inventions and innovations throughout its history. Its language systems were the first to be written in the world. It has also been a site for archeological research as they st udy the remains of Homo erectus estimated to have lived there over 300000 years ago. China face modern challenges as other nations, the main concerns include widespread corruption, degradation of the environment as well as the increasing gap between the poor and the rich (U.S. Department of State 1). China’s political system Government China is controlled by Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which is authoritarian in both ideology and structure. This has not been easy because of the diverse nature of the country in geography and social circles. They have been restricted to building consensus in most issues with other parties, influential people, regional leaders as well as the Chinese population at large. The party has a membership of over 76 Million and dominates Chinese government. Their influences have always prevailed, except in economic issues in which external influences from non-party members and organizations have prevailed.Advertising We will write a custom essa y sample on How Chinas political, religious and ideological systems allowed for both continuity and change? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other essential issues of culture and economy, the committees ensure that they are followed in accordance with the party’s guidance. The coastal regions usually offer great challenges to the party since their growth is rapid (U.S. Department of State 1). Legal System After the famous Chinese Cultural Revolution, the government opted to emphasize on enforcing the rule of law. This was done through the new state constitution, which was adopted in 1982. Great focus was placed on taming tyrannical rulers, who could be held responsible in the new law. Over 300 laws, most of which aimed at economic reforms have been adopted in China since 1979. This showed their efforts to restrain revolutionary leaders who overused powers. Among the innovative ways, include their use of mediation committees to solv e minor criminal cases throughout the country as well as the fact that they are well informed and take responsibility for over 90% of china’s civil cases. These committees are numerous, accounting for more than 800000 committees throughout the country. The country has made numerous reforms on law by professionalizing the whole system. These led to further amendments of criminal laws as citizens got the opportunity to sue officials who happen to abuse office. The latest advancement in China’s constitutional amendment was done in 2004 and it included fundamental human rights as well as ownership of property. These developments are however rarely practiced in some cases, and this negates the gains in handling human rights (U.S. Department of State 1). Human Rights Although changes were made to improve human rights, this has not been adequately accomplished as several human rights abuses occur in China. The year 2009 witnessed continued abuses of human rights with the lega l system being faulted for inadequacy in stemming such abuses. These were observed during the 50th anniversary in honor of Tibetan uprising as well as in the 20th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square. The other high profile human abuse incident happened during celebration of 60th anniversary of PRC. These abuses included detention, executions that did not follow the correct process.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Others included extrajudicial killings, torture, forced confessions as well as severe restriction of basic human rights such as freedom of speech, privacy, religion, association, birth (birth limitation), press, among others. These presents exceedingly hash treatment of citizens as such activities rarely happen in the modern world. Nonetheless, the changes that have been realized by China in its political system have been key components of its continuity and change (U.S. Department of State 1). China’s religious system Chinese lifestyle is greatly influenced by religion. Research and surveys conducted throughout the country in the year 2007 showed that over 30% of Chinese citizens were religious believers (those aged 16 years and above). Restrictions have been placed on religious sectors even though they proclaim freedom of religious belief to all citizens. Buddhism is the most common denomination in China with Chinese news agency Xinhua estimating their number at over 100 mi llion. Other estimates show that over 20 million Chinese are Muslims, and another 20 million Protestants. Catholics are estimated to be over 5 million while there are no statistics for Taoists. More recently, several unofficial religions and unauthorized churches have sprung in China. These have led to widespread harassment by authorities in some parts of the country. Catholic’s loyalty to Vatican also triggers suppression since the government claims that Rome interferes with their internal affairs. It also brands some Christian groups as well as Falun Gong as evil religions thereby suppressing their practice (U.S. Department of State 1). Civilians in china have suffered severe human rights abuses regarding their freedom of worship. This is mainly because China only recognizes five denominations. These recognized religions are Buddhism, Taoism, Protestantism as well as Islam. The country monitors almost everything its citizens engage in, for instance, internet writing, journa lists, political rebels as well as religious activists. This does not leave non-governmental organization as their activities are monitored as well. The religious sectors that are recognized by the country are also monitored, in essence, regulating worship and religious groups. This is abuse of human rights to freedom of religion as they intimidate and harass any individual or groups that seek to worship through other denominations apart from the named. This way, the country is able to control its people from diverse ideas that they fear may lead to its disintegration. Unregistered religious groups are outlawed and are likely to cause detention, harassment or intimidation (U.S. Department of State 1). The United States has labeled China as a country with specific concerns as it restricts religious freedom. The country does not allow any spiritual movements that counter its five registered denominations. This amounts to severe abuse of human rights and religious freedom. The countryà ¢â‚¬â„¢s significant economic growth has led to improved lives. This has contributed to social mobility as people look for jobs, join institutions of higher learning throughout the country and abroad, in the process expanding the limits of personal freedom. Increased mobility has expanded freedom of travel, association, cultural mix, educational pursuit and access to information through the internet among other ways. Other freedoms achieved through economic developments include freedom to employment, personal choices and social interactions. These have enabled spread of religious practices throughout the country, effecting a gradual change in religious awareness. China’s religious system has therefore contributed to its continuity as well as change, although at a slower pace compared to political and ideological systems (Singh 1). China’s ideological system Chinese Communist Party The communist party CCP is authoritarian in its ideologies and enforces them on Chinese c itizens. Since CCP is a communist party, their structures are based on communism, focusing more on establishing and maintaining cultural values. To achieve this, they have a well-organized members committee that ensures these regulations are followed. The strong economic reforms that were implemented by PRC, in the 1970s, in which they made the famous Four Modernizations aimed at improving agriculture, defense, technology as well as its industries worked to propel china to their present position as an economic powerhouse. In these reforms, they adopted a pragmatic approach to several socioeconomic and political problems. They also managed to reduce the role played by ideology in their system to spur further economic growth. The strong ideology that founded China had to be slowed after 1978 to allow for economic growth, which had already started in Taiwan (U.S. Department of State 1). How these systems have allowed for both continuity and change Political system China’s politi cal system has an authoritarian communist party with communist ideologies in its structures, putting more effort on maintaining sociocultural issues. The government was known for its authoritarian stand on legal system. However, this had to change, as dealing with diverse communities from a central location (Beijing) became reasonably difficult. Influence from the international community as well as rise of Taiwan through economic reforms. Reforms in China’s legal system have expanded limits of freedom as basic human rights. They have also done a series of amendments to their constitution to allow for professionalization of judges, lawyers as well as accountability of office bearers. These changes have enabled China’s economic growth as well as expanded freedom. In this regard, the system allowed for change and continuity (Fenby 1). Religious system It is estimated that over 30% of Chinese are believers, meaning that religion makes a great influence on the country. The government only recognizes five denominations in the country. In addition, it monitors as well as regulates these denominations, and in the process suppresses any spiritual or religious groups that they feel are not patriotic. These include their rivalry with Vatican, which they accuse of interfering with Chinese internal affairs. In recent times, various crops of religious groups have sprung throughout the country, influencing social and cultural changes. Religious systems have therefore contributed greatly to change and continuity in China. Ideological system China has assumed new approach to numerous political hitches. They also managed to reduce the role played by ideology in their system to spur further economic growth. The strong ideology that founded China had to be slowed after 1978 to allow for economic growth, which had already started in Taiwan. This shows their soft stance on the formerly aggressive ideologies that structured its foundation. Reduction in ideological syst ems have enhanced changes and spurred economic growth (Xiaowen 1). Conclusion China’s political, religious and ideological systems have contributed greatly to continuity and change. Their society is among the first to be established in the world. They have also managed to make changes in their policies. These policies have mainly targeted the law system, which was professionalized, the four modernizations that included agricultural improvement, industrial, defense as well as technology. The twentieth century was dominated by United States as the best economy but this has changed in 21st century where China is set to lead the pack of emerging economies. These systems have therefore contributed to China’s continuity in conserving its cultural values as well as change in their legal systems, religious sectors as well as their handling of human rights (Leung 1). Fenby, Jonathan. â€Å"Continuity and Change†. Guardian. 15.11.2007.05.06.2011. guardian.co.uk/commentis free/2007/nov/15/morethantwomillenniaafter Leung, Beatrice. â€Å"Chinas Religious Freedom Policy: The Art of Managing Religious Activity†. The China Quarterly. 05.06.2011.05.06.2011. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=onlineaid=358810 Singh, Swaran. â€Å"Continuity and Change in Chinas Political Elite†. Idsa. 05.06.2011.05.06.2011. idsa-india.org/an-nov-3.html Sirgo, Henry., Gleason, Diane and Tarver, Michael. Continuity and Change in the Chinese Political System: Why Consumerism Does Not Translate Into Democracy†. All academic. 05.06.2011.05.06.2011. allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/4/1/7/9/p141798_index.html U.S. Department of State. â€Å"Background Note: China†. Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. 05.08.2010. 05.06.2011. state.gov/ r/pa/ei/bgn/18902.htm Xiaowen, Ye. â€Å"Chinas Religions Retrospect and Prospect†. china.org. 19.02.2001. 05.06.2011. china.org.cn/english/ features/45466.htm

Understanding and Using Stipulative Definitions

Understanding and Using Stipulative Definitions A stipulative is a  definition that assigns meaning to a word, sometimes without regard for common usage. The term stipulative definition is often used in a pejorative sense to refer to a definition that appears to be deliberately misleading. Stipulative definitions are also known as Humpty-Dumpty words or legislative definitions. Examples and Observations Michael Ghiselin A lexical definition, such as one that occurs in a dictionary (a lexicon), is a kind of report on how language is used. A stipulative definition proposes (stipulates) that language shall be used in a given way.–Metaphysics and the Origin of Species. SUNY Press, 1997 Trudy Govier Words in a language are public instruments for communication in that language, and a stipulative definition is useful only if it sets out predictable and comprehensible standards of use that are workable for the purpose at hand. If a stipulated definition becomes popular, the word defined in its new sense then becomes part of public language, and it is open to changes and variations in use just as other words are.–A Practical Study of Argument, 7th ed. Wadsworth, 2010 Patrick J. Hurley Stipulative definitions are misused in verbal disputes when one person covertly uses a word in a peculiar way and then proceeds to assume that everyone else uses that word in the same way. Under these circumstances that person is said to be using the word stipulatively. In such cases the assumption that the other person use the word in the same way is rarely justified.–A Concise Introduction to Logic, 11th ed. Wadsworth, 2012 Jon Stratton Stipulative definitions that slant or bias meanings are called persuasive definitions. They are meant to persuade and to manipulate people, not to clarify meaning and encourage communication. Persuasive definitions are sometimes encountered in advertising, political campaigns, and in discussions about moral and political values. For example the definition, A caring mother is one who uses Softness brand disposable diapers, is persuasive because it unfairly stipulates the secondary designation Softness user. The term caring mother is much more significant than that!–Critical Thinking for College Students. Rowman Littlefield, 1999 Use in Literature â€Å"There’s glory for you!† â€Å"I don’t know what you mean by ‘glory,’ Alice said. Humpty Dumpty smiled contemptuously. â€Å"Of course you don’t–till I tell you. I meant ‘there’s a nice knock-down argument for you!’† â€Å"But ‘glory’ doesn’t mean ‘a nice knock-down argument,’† Alice objected. â€Å"When I use a word,† Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, â€Å"it means just what I choose it to mean–neither more nor less.† â€Å"The question is,† said Alice, â€Å"whether you can make words mean so many different things.† â€Å"The question is,† said Humpty Dumpty, â€Å"which is to be master–that’s all.† Alice was too much puzzled to say anything; so after a minute Humpty Dumpty began again. â€Å"They’ve a temper, some of them–particularly verbs, they’re the proudest–adjectives you can do anything with, but not verbs–however, I can manage the whole lot of them! Impenetrability! That’s what I say!† â€Å"Would you tell me, please,† said Alice, â€Å"what that means?† â€Å"Now you talk like a reasonable child,† said Humpty Dumpty, looking very much pleased. â€Å"I meant by ‘impenetrability’ that we’ve had enough of that subject, and it would be just as well if you’d mention what you mean to do next, as I suppose you don’t mean to stop here all the rest of your life.† â€Å"That’s a great deal to make one word mean,† Alice said in a thoughtful tone. â€Å"When I make a word do a lot of work like that,† said Humpty Dumpty, â€Å"I always pay it extra.†Ã¢â‚¬â€œLewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass, 1871 Use in Film Nancy: Can you, like, define the meaning of love? Fielding Mellish: What do you... define... its love! I love you! I want you in a way of cherishing your totality and your otherness, and in the sense of a presence, and a being and a whole, coming and going in a room with great fruit, and love of a thing of nature in a sense of not wanting or being jealous of the thing that a person possesses. Nancy: Do you have any gum?–Louise Lasser and Woody Allen in Bananas, 1971

Yank in The Hairy Ape Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Yank in The Hairy Ape - Essay Example He does not reveal much about his roots, but it is evident that his childhood was painful. In the pauses between his parents’ incessant fighting during which furniture got broken, he was made to attend church every Sunday morning, only to be forced to run away after his mother’s death, when he could not handle any more of his father’s beatings. His troublesome beginnings have taught him that he will be forced to fend for himself in this cruel world. However, since man is a social being and thrives on the interaction with other members of the society, he needs to belong. Yank equates this highly relevant notion of belonging with power and importance. When he believes he belongs to something, he gains strength and feels almost invincible, but when he is rejected by a group, he feels terribly weak. He also associates this sense of belonging with the usefulness and functionality of an individual. For example, the firemen belong to the ship due to the fact that they a re essentially responsible for the proper functioning of the ship. Despite the fact that he believes himself to be essential for this, the fact of the matter is that industrialization has reduced the human worker into a machine.

Laws and regulation relating to the kentucky board of embalmers and Essay

Laws and regulation relating to the kentucky board of embalmers and funeral directors - Essay Example A funeral establishment cannot operate unless under direct supervision by a Board licensed embalmer or funeral director and each of these Board licensed individuals cannot operate more than one establishment at any given time. Each year, a license must be issued and processed by the Board along with the applicable renewal license fee of $100. Along with this yearly renewal fee, every Board licensed embalmer and funeral director must attend a minimum of four hours in a continuing education program or programs approved by the Board. If a license has expired and failure to renew within three years of the license expiration date, the applicant pays a late fee and provides proof of attendance at the continuing education course along with passing an examination outlining the ability to pass a competency examination. It is possible for a person holding an embalmer's or funeral director's license from another state or federal district to obtain a Kentucky license provided this individual has met the same or similar requirements for a license set out in provision KRS 316.030 and pays the required fees and license renewal fees to the Board. The Board can revoke or suspend a license should there be a violation of provisions of the Board g

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Importance of Order in Knights Tale Essa

The Importance of Order in Knight's Tale    Chaucer claims to place the Knight's Tale just after the General Prologue by chance, the drawing of lots. The Knight draws the short straw, and all are glad for it. The appropriateness of his lengthy tale to follow is clear on some levels, and barely perceptible on others. I intend to launch my investigation of the Knight's Tale with a scrutiny of these three statements, and perhaps we shall find an interesting conclusion in this, albeit a disputable one. The honorable Host, Harry Bailey, begins this famous day of pilgrimage by calling everyone together to draw lots, "He which that hath the shorteste shal beginne." (838) He calls the Knight to draw first, presumably as a gesture of respect, as he refers to the Knight as master and lord. Harry continues to speak for a short moment, as we have the visual image of the Knight stepping up to claim his straw. The host continues to call up two more pilgrims, but quickly decides that everyone might as well draw in a free-for-all. And surprise! The Knight finds himself holding the short cut. Is it possible that Harry managed to give the Knight the short straw intentionally? "Now draweth cut," says he, "for that is myn accord" (840). A close eye may suggest some punning going on in that line: Now draw the cut (short) straw, for it is my wish. The words "cord" and "accord" were both used in Middle English, so we may be able to find some double meaning there as well. If indeed Harry wishes to giv e the Knight the "cord," there are several interesting cases to think on: a) the cord is simply the short straw, b) the cord is the hangman's rope, or c) the cord is a unit of wood cut for fuel. The hangman's rope would make for subtle sarcasm, but... ... immediate effects on the Miller, who cares not a bit for courtesy or order but only reckless lust. Hence, the Miller follows with a tale that Palamon could have appreciated, had he not known the ways of chivalry, but only those of lechery. Works Cited and Consulted Benson, Larry D., ed. The Riverside Chaucer. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. The Norton Anthologyof English Literature. Seventh Edition. Two Volumes. Ed. M. H. Abrams. NewYork: Norton, 2000. Cooper, Helen. The Structure of The Canterbury Tales. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1983. Modern Critical Views: Geoffrey Chaucer, Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1985. Spearing, A.C. Chaucer: The Knight's Tale. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995. Williams, David. The Canterbury Tales, A Literary Pilgrimage. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987.

Rebuttal on Mark Twain’s the World Is Not Civilized Essay

Mark Twain says that the human race I cruel, and uncivilized. Unlike the animals, humans have the ability to care for those who are weak, sick, and otherwise unfortunate. In the wild if an animal is sick or weak, they are abandoned by their own species and are, ultimately, a source of food for another. The wounded are killed without a hesitation. Man has compassion, not only for our species but for the others. There are many organizations that are created to help people in need. There is the Red Cross that steps in during an emergency to provide shelter, blood and food to those who need it. There are homeless shelters that take in the homeless to shelter them from the elements. There are soup-kitchens that feed the homeless. There are children’s homes that provide a safe place for orphaned or abandoned children to grow up. There is Breast Cancer Awareness, AIDS foundations, and a society to end world hunger. All of these organizations are founded to help someone or something that is in need. Twain says â€Å"I was aware that many men who have accumulated more millions of money than they can ever use have shown a rabid hunger for more, and have not scrupled to cheat the ignorant and the helpless out of their poor servings in order to partially appease that appetite†. Even though it may be true that rich men want to get richer, the wealthy people are the ones that are most charitable. Bill Gates and Warren Buffett, two of the richest men in America, give millions of dollars annually to various foundations and charities that help people all over the world Man also helps the animals. There are many organizations that help animals and the planet. Some of those include PETA and Green Peace. We even try to help the earth. New inventions are being created just to help the earth. They start business just to keep specific animals from going extinct. We share and support other countries. When the hurricane in Haiti happened people helped. Resources were given because of the generosity of man. When countries are in need they are helped. When the flood came to Tennessee the people gave some time for community service. Some people that didn’t get hit by the flood could have done nothing but they decided to help others. Man created governments to stop the fighting. Laws were created in order to have a calm and safe environment. Man Negotiates to prevent wars and battles from happening. We also come up with compromise and treaties in order to get peace. For example the Treaty of Versailles was ratified after negotiating and finally coming to a compromise. We don’t just go ahead and fight who ever walk across our territories like the lions.

Cuál es diferencia entre universidad y college en EEUU

Una de las primeras preguntas que se hacen los estudiantes internacionales o los migrantes recià ©n llegados y que quieren estudiar una carrera universitaria en Estados Unidos  es cuà ¡l es la diferencia entre una universidad y un college. La respuesta es que es muy pequeà ±a, pero la hay. En muchas ocasiones, incluso los estadounidenses utilizan los tà ©rminos de universidad y de college como si fueran lo mismo, ya que la diferencia es pequeà ±a y se explica a continuacià ³n. Quizà ¡ para los estudiantes recià ©n llegados o que planean estudiar en Estados Unidos es mà ¡s importante saber quà © es un community college y quà © son carreras profesionales en Estados Unidos. Quà © se entiende por un college en Estados Unidos Es una institucià ³n educativa superior, generalmente dedicada casi exclusivamente  a estudios de licenciatura. Los estudiantes tras completar crà ©ditos generalmente en cuatro aà ±os reciben su licenciatura en B.A. (Bachelors of Arts) o en un B.S. (Bachelors of Science). Quà © son los liberal arts colleges en Estados Unidos Un tipo especial dentro de los colleges es el  conocido como liberal arts colleges. Son instituciones privadas con pocos estudiantes, generalmente menos de cinco mil, e incluso menos. Se caracterizan porque la mayorà ­a de sus estudiantes estudian a tiempo completo materias relacionadas con las artes liberales, como inglà ©s, literatura, sociologà ­a, historia, etc. Ademà ¡s, la mayorà ­a de los profesores se dedican casi en exclusividad a la enseà ±anza y no tanto a la investigacià ³n y a la publicacià ³n de sus trabajos. Los liberal arts colleges, tambià ©n conocidos como baccalaureate colleges, son famosos por tener una fuerte vida comunitaria. En la actualidad, segà ºn un ranking elaborado por la prestigiosa revista U.S. News and World Report, los cinco mejores liberal arts colleges de los Estados Unidos son los siguientes: Williams College, MassachusettsAmherst College, MassachusettsBowdoin College, MaineSwarthmore College, PensilvaniaEl exclusivamente femenino Wellesley College, Massachusetts, y Middlebury College, Vermont, empatados en quinta posicià ³n. Las posiciones suelen variar poco de aà ±o a aà ±o. Todos los liberal arts colleges incluidos en la lista cobran matrà ­culas superiores a los $50.000 por semestre y tienen, en total, menos de 2.000 estudiantes. A quà © se le llaman universidad en Estados Unidos Es una institucià ³n educativa superior donde se ofrecen estudios de licenciatura –B.A y B.S.–, maestrà ­as, doctorados –Ph.D.–, ademà ¡s de estudios profesionales. Pueden ser gigantescas y pà ºblicas o privadas. Como entre los estudiantes internacionales de origen latinoamericano es frecuente estudiar ingenierà ­a es recomienda conocer cuà ¡les son  10 mejores universidades.   Para los estudiantes brillantes, tanto de Estados Unidos como extranjeros, se recomienda solicitar ingreso en al menos una universidad  Ivy League, si bien tener siempre en cuenta que hay universidades muy prestigiosas y de excelente nivel acadà ©mico que no està ¡n incluidas en esta calificacià ³n, que tiene un origen histà ³rico concreto. Entre las universidades de excelente consideracià ³n econà ³mica y que no son Ivy League destacan: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.)Stanford UniversityCarnegie MellonUniversity of California, BerkeleyUniversity of Texas, AustinGeorgia Institute of TechnologyUniversity of Illinois, Urbana ChampaignUniversity of Michigan, Ann ArborUniversity of ChicagoDukeJohns Hopkins Algunas de ellas, como por ejemplo Berkeley, Austin Urbana Champaign y Ann Arbor son universidades pà ºblicas. Quà © es un community college o colegio comunitario Son instituciones de educacià ³n superior tambià ©n conocidos como junior o technical colleges. Los estudiantes se dedican a obtener certificados o diplomas profesionales o, al cabo de crà ©ditos que generalmente se consiguen en dos aà ±os, a obtener un grado de asociado (Associate ´s degree o A.S. por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Es muy comà ºn que despuà ©s de sacar un A.S. los estudiantes realicen  un transfer a un college y, tras otros dos aà ±os de estudios, se licencien con un B.A. o un B.S. Sin embargo, no todos los colleges y universidades admiten esta posibilidad. Los community colleges ofrecen grandes ventajas tanto para estudiantes americanos o inmigrantes como para los internacionales. Uno de los que mà ¡s destaca es el costo. En esta base de datos puede  verificarse  cuà ¡nto cuesta estudiar en  mà ¡s de 1,000 Community Colleges  en todo el paà ­s y tambià ©n puntuacià ³n del TOEFL, los que lo piden ya que en muchos no es requisito. Quà © son los professional colleges En Estados Unidos carreras como Derecho o Medicina se estudian en universidades profesionales despuà ©s de haber obtenido un B.A. o un B.S. Es decir, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en la mayorà ­a de nuestros paà ­ses no son una licenciatura que se puede estudiar directamente al finalizar la high school (lo que se conoce en algunos paà ­ses hispanoparlantes como bachillerato, liceo o prepa). Sino que es necesario licenciarse y luego aplicar y ser admitido en un professional college. Es muy importante planificar con tiempo, incluso con varios aà ±os de anticipacià ³n, principalmente cuando se desea solicitar el ingreso a Medicina, ya que es un proceso largo y complicado. Tips para los futuros estudiantes universitarios Aplicar para ingresar a una universidad o college es un proceso complejo y largo. Estas son las ocho piezas necesarias para tener una aplicacià ³n completa. Para los estudiantes no habituados al sistema anglosajà ³n, esos requisitos pueden resultar confusos y puede dar lugar a que por ignorancia no se preparen convenientemente. Consejos para estudiantes internacionales en colleges y universidades de EE.UU. Los estudiantes internacionales necesitan una visa para poder estudiar en EEUU. Para obtenerla se requiere que previamente hayan sido admitidos por una institucià ³n acadà ©mica. Para ello necesitarà ¡n haber demostrado conocimientos de inglà ©s, generalmente tomando el examen que se conoce como TOEFL y obtener un buen puntaje.   Obviamente, dentro de esas categorà ­as no se encuentran ni los migrantes que cuentan con una tarjeta de residencia permanente ni tampoco los inmigrantes indocumentados. En cuanto a las visas, informarse sobre la visa F-3 para el caso de mexicanos  o canadienses que viven en la zona fronteriza e ingresar a Estados Unidos a estudiar pero mantienen su residencia en Mà ©xico o Canadà ¡. Asimismo, para obtener una visa de estudiante internacional es neceario  probar que tienen recursos econà ³micos suficientes, bien propios o de los padres o bien porque han obtenido una beca relevante. Tener presente que las universidades tambià ©n destinan dinero a becas de mà ©rito o deportivas. De hecho, 13 de à ©lite siguen la polà ­tica de need-blind tambià ©n para estudiantes internacionales lo que significa becas totales (o casi). Por à ºltimo, dentro del largo proceso que supone aplicar a varias universidades o colleges, ser admitido y solicitar la visa, es posible que se necesite  validar los estudios realizados  fuera de Estados Unidos. Es fundamental seguir las instrucciones de cada institucià ³n acadà ©mica sobre quà © empresa puede hacer la convalidacià ³n. Otras visas disponibles para los estudiantes internacionales En ocasiones, lo à ºnico que se desea es practicar el inglà ©s y pasar unos meses en Estados Unidos o se desea estudiar un aà ±o acadà ©mico de high school. Para estos casos, ademà ¡s de las visas F-1 puede resultar conveniente informarse sobre los programas incluidos dentro de la visa J-1 de intercambio, ya que  pueden ser una muy buena opcià ³n, por ejemplo: Visas para trabajar y viajar en verano para estudiantes universitarios de otros paà ­ses.Visas para monitor en campamentos de verano. Las opciones son variadas y tanto si se opta por una visa J-1 como por una F-1 de estudiante lo ideal es que se adapte a las necesidades y deseos del estudiante. Conservar la visa como estudiante internacional Una vez que se tiene la visa se debe hacer todo lo posible para evitar caer en comportamientos que pueden ponerla en riesgo de cancelacià ³n. Algunas actividades, como el consumo de marihuana, puede no ser visto como algo grave por los estudiantes, pero lo cierto es que desde el punto de vista migratorio puede ocasionar un gran dolor de cabeza. Tener en cuenta que hay estados en los que es legal el consumo de marihuana, sin embargo, las leyes federales la consideran una sustancia prohibida. Las leyes que aplican a los estudiantes internacionales son las federales por lo que deberà ­an abstenerse de incumplir la ley. Finalmente, a la hora de tener relaciones consentidas con un menor de edad hay que tener en cuenta las leyes de edad de consentimiento sexual en cada estado ya que su incumplimiento puede tener consecuencias serias. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.